226 research outputs found

    Transforming Growth Factor Alpha Stimulation of Mucosal Tissue Cultures from Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients Increases Chemoresistance to Cisplatin

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    The monoclonal epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR) antibody cetuximab (Erbitux(TM)) was recently approved by the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of recurrent and/or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in combination with a platinum-based chemotherapy. Since the antibody has only a limited effect as a monotherapy, possible explanations for the synergistic effect with cisplatin are enhanced antibody-dependent cytoxicity and increased sensitivity to the drug. Most of our knowledge of EGFR biology in HNSCC is based on studies using EGFR inhibitors and/or antibodies. Our study was designed to evaluate the impact of EGFR stimulation on cisplatin-induced DNA damage. Therefore, tissue cultures were produced of tumor-free oropharyngeal mucosa biopsies of HNSCC patients and controls. In a previous study, overexpression of EGFR in tissue cultures from tumor patients compared to controls was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining. Twenty-four-hour stimulation of tissue cultures with transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha), a specific EGFR ligand, resulted in a reduction of cisplatin-induced DNA damage by 35% in cases, whereas in controls TGF-alpha had no effect. This reflects a statistically significant increase in cellular chemoresistance to cisplatin following TGF-alpha stimulation and helps to further understand effects of EGFR antisense therapy in combination with chemotherapy. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Base

    Are There Classical Business Cycles?

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    The aim of this paper is to test formally the classical business cycle hypothesis, using data from industrialized countries for the time period since 1960. The hypoth- esis is characterized by the view that the cyclical structure in GDP is concentrated in the investment series: mixed investment has typically a long cycle, while the cycle in inventory investment is shorter. To check the robustness of our results, we sub- ject the data for 15 OECD countries to a variety of detrending techniques. While the hypothesis is not conrmed uniformly for all countries, there is a considerably high number for which the data display the predicted pattern. None of the coun- tries shows a pattern which can be interpreted as a clear rejection of the classical hypothesis.

    Are these classical business cycles?

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    The aim of this paper is to test formally the classical business cycle hypothesis, using data from industrialized countries for the time period since 1960. The hypothesis is characterized by the view that the cyclical structure in GDP is concentrated in the investment series: fixed investment has typically a long cycle, while the cycle in inventory investment is shorter. To check the robustness of our results, we subject the data for 15 OECD countries to a variety of detrending techniques. While the hypothesis is not confirmed uniformly for all countries, there is a considerably high number for which the data display the predicted pattern. None of the countries shows a pattern which can be interpreted as a clear rejection of the classical hypothesis.business cycles, investment cycles, spectral tests

    On the relative importance of audio and video in the presence of packet losses

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    Frame Rate versus Spatial Quality: Which Video Characteristics Do Matter?

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    Bimodal Audiovisual Perception in Interactive Application Systems of Moderate Complexity

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    The dissertation at hand deals with aspects of quality perception of interactive audiovisual application systems of moderate complexity as e.g. defined in the MPEG-4 standard. Because in these systems the available computing power is limited, it is decisive to know which factors influence the perceived quality. Only then can the available computing power be distributed in the most effective and efficient way for the simulation and display of audiovisual 3D scenes. Whereas quality factors for the unimodal auditory and visual stimuli are well known and respective models of perception have been successfully devised based on this knowledge, this is not true for bimodal audiovisual perception. For the latter, it is only known that some kind of interdependency between auditory and visual perception does exist. The exact mechanisms of human audiovisual perception have not been described. It is assumed that interaction with an application or scene has a major influence upon the perceived overall quality. The goal of this work was to devise a system capable of performing subjective audiovisual assessments in the given context in a largely automated way. By applying the system, first evidence regarding audiovisual interdependency and influence of interaction upon perception should be collected. Therefore this work was composed of three fields of activities: the creation of a test bench based on the available but (regarding the audio functionality) somewhat restricted MPEG-4 player, the preoccupation with methods and framework requirements that ensure comparability and reproducibility of audiovisual assessments and results, and the performance of a series of coordinated experiments including the analysis and interpretation of the collected data. An object-based modular audio rendering engine was co-designed and -implemented which allows to perform simple room-acoustic simulations based on the MPEG-4 scene description paradigm in real-time. Apart from the MPEG-4 player, the test bench consists of a haptic Input Device used by test subjects to enter their quality ratings and a logging tool that allows to journalize all relevant events during an assessment session. The collected data can be exported comfortably for further analysis using appropriate statistic tools. A thorough analysis of the well established test methods and recommendations for unimodal subjective assessments was performed to find out whether a transfer to the audiovisual bimodal case is easily possible. It became evident that - due to the limited knowledge about the underlying perceptual processes - a novel categorization of experiments according to their goals could be helpful to organize the research in the field. Furthermore, a number of influencing factors could be identified that exercise control over bimodal perception in the given context. By performing the perceptual experiments using the devised system, its functionality and ease of use was verified. Apart from that, some first indications for the role of interaction in perceived overall quality have been collected: interaction in the auditory modality reduces a human's ability of correctly rating the audio quality, whereas visually based (cross-modal) interaction does not necessarily generate this effect.Die vorliegende Dissertation beschĂ€ftigt sich mit Aspekten der QualitĂ€tswahrnehmung von interaktiven audiovisuellen Anwendungssystemen moderater KomplexitĂ€t, wie sie z.B. durch den MPEG-4 Standard definiert sind. Die Frage, welche Faktoren Einfluss auf die wahrgenommene QualitĂ€t von audiovisuellen Anwendungssystemen haben ist entscheidend dafĂŒr, wie die nur begrenzt zur VerfĂŒgung stehende Rechenleistung fĂŒr die Echtzeit-Simulation von 3D Szenen und deren Darbietung sinnvoll verteilt werden soll. WĂ€hrend QualitĂ€tsfaktoren fĂŒr unimodale auditive als auch visuelle Stimuli seit langem bekannt sind und entsprechende Modelle existieren, mĂŒssen diese fĂŒr die bimodale audiovisuelle Wahrnehmung noch hergeleitet werden. Dabei ist bekannt, dass eine Wechselwirkung zwischen auditiver und visueller QualitĂ€t besteht, nicht jedoch, wie die Mechanismen menschlicher audiovisueller Wahrnehmung genau arbeiten. Es wird auch angenommen, dass der Faktor Interaktion einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf wahrgenommene QualitĂ€t hat. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war, ein System fĂŒr die zeitsparende und weitgehend automatisierte DurchfĂŒhrung von subjektiven audiovisuellen Wahrnehmungstests im gegebenen Kontext zu erstellen und es fĂŒr einige exemplarische Experimente einzusetzen, welche erste Aussagen ĂŒber audiovisuelleWechselwirkungen und den Einfluss von Interaktion auf die Wahrnehmung erlauben sollten. Demzufolge gliederte sich die Arbeit in drei Aufgabenbereiche: die Erstellung eines geeigneten Testsystems auf der Grundlage eines vorhandenen, jedoch in seiner AudiofunktionalitĂ€t noch eingeschrĂ€nkten MPEG-4 Players, das Sicherstellen von Vergleichbarkeit und Wiederholbarkeit von audiovisuellen Wahrnehmungstests durch definierte Testmethoden und -bedingungen, und die eigentliche DurchfĂŒhrung der aufeinander abgestimmten Experimente mit anschlieĂżender Auswertung und Interpretation der gewonnenen Daten. Dazu wurde eine objektbasierte, modulare Audio-Engine mitentworfen und -implementiert, welche basierend auf den Möglichkeiten der MPEG-4 Szenenbeschreibung alle FĂ€higkeiten zur Echtzeitberechnung von Raumakustik bietet. Innerhalb des entwickelten Testsystems kommuniziert der MPEG-4 Player mit einem hardwaregestĂŒtzten Benutzerinterface zur Eingabe der QualitĂ€tsbewertungen durch die Testpersonen. SĂ€mtliche relevanten Ereignisse, die wĂ€hrend einer Testsession auftreten, können mit Hilfe eines Logging-Tools aufgezeichnet und fĂŒr die weitere Datenanalyse mit Statistikprogrammen exportiert werden. Eine Analyse der existierenden Testmethoden und -empfehlungen fĂŒr unimodale Wahrnehmungstests sollte zeigen, ob deren Übertragung auf den audiovisuellen Fall möglich ist. Dabei wurde deutlich, dass bedingt durch die fehlende Kenntnis der zugrundeliegenden Wahrnehmungsprozesse zunĂ€chst eine Unterteilung nach den Zielen der durchgefĂŒhrten Experimente sinnvoll erscheint. Weiterhin konnten Einflussfaktoren identifiziert werden, die die bimodale Wahrnehmung im gegebenen Kontext steuern. Bei der DurchfĂŒhrung der Wahrnehmungsexperimente wurde die FunktionsfĂ€higkeit des erstellten Testsystems verifiziert. DarĂŒber hinaus ergaben sich erste Anhaltspunkte fĂŒr den Einfluss von Interaktion auf die wahrgenommene GesamtqualitĂ€t: Interaktion in der auditiven ModalitĂ€t verringert die FĂ€higkeit, AudioqualitĂ€t korrekt beurteilen zu können, wĂ€hrend visuell gestĂŒtzte Interaktion (cross-modal) diesen Effekt nicht zwingend generiert

    KÀltekreislÀufe in Verdichter- und Gasturbinenanlagen

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    FĂŒr Verdichter- und Gasturbinenanlagen wird untersucht, inwieweit die Energieumwandlung durch den Einsatz von KĂ€lteprozessen verbessert werden kann. Durch UnterkĂŒhlung des zu verdichtenden Arbeitsmittels unter die Umgebungstemperatur wird die insgesamt aufzuwendende Verdichtungsarbeit (Summe aus Verdichter- und KĂ€ltemaschinenarbeit) vermindert. Die mögliche PrimĂ€renergieeinsparung nimmt mit steigendem VerdichterdruckverhĂ€ltnis und wachsender Anzahl von KĂ€ltekreislĂ€ufen zu. Bei Gasturbinen kann durch UnterkĂŒhlung der vom Verdichter angesaugten Umgebungsluft der Nettowirkungsgrad um ca. 2,5 bis 4,5%-Punkte gesteigert werden. Wenn aufgrund klimatischer Randbedingungen (Luftfeuchtigkeit, Umgebungstemperatur) die optimale Verdichtereintrittstemperatur nicht zu realisieren ist, da Vereisungsprobleme und Tropfenbildung auftreten, verringern sich diese Werte. Bei einer Umgebungstemperatur von 20°C und einer AbkĂŒhlspanne von 20K ergeben sich z.B. Wirkungsgradsteigerungen von 1,5 bis 2%-Punkten.For compressor- and gas turbine plants it is investigated, how the energy conversion can be improved by using refrigeration cycles. By supercooling of the working fluid below the ambient temperature the total required compressor work (sum of compressor- and refrigeration machine work) can be reduced. The possible saving of primary energy increases with increasing compressor pressure ratios and growing number of refrigeration cycles. The net efficiency of gas turbines can be improved by about 2.5 to 4.5 percentage points by supercooling the ambient air sucked in by the compressor. These values decrease if optimum compressor inlet temperatures cannot be realized due to icing problems and formation of drops. Improvements in net efficiency of 1.5 to 2 percentage points are realized for e.g. an ambient temperature of 20°C and a cooling range of 20K

    Combinatorial functions of two chimeric antibodies directed to human CD4 and one directed to the a-chain of the human interleukin-2 receptor

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    The general feasibility of chimerization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has already been shown for a large number of them. In order to evaluate in vitro parameters relevant to immunosuppressive therapy, we have chimerized and synthesized two anti-CD4 mAbs recognizing two different epitopes on the human T-lymphocyte antigen, CD4. The chimerized mAbs are produced at levels corresponding to those of the original hybridoma cell lines. With respect to activation of human complement, the individual Abs are negative; however, when used in combination, complement activation was performed. When applied in combination, they were found to modulate the CD4 antigen, whereas the individual mAb do not display this property. Individually they mediate an up to 60% inhibition of the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). However, by combination of an anti-CD4 mAb with one directed against the a-chain of the human IL2 receptor, nearly 100% inhibition of the MLR was achieved, even with reduced dosage of the mAbs. Our data suggest that the combination of an anti-CD4 mAb and an anti-IL2Rcc chain mAb is more effective with respect to immunosuppression than each mAb by itself, indicating that this mAb cocktail could be a new strategy for immunosuppressive therapy
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